SvelteKit Overview

SvelteKit is the official application framework for Svelte. It provides routing, build pipeline, server runtime, and deployment adapters so that you can ship web apps (SSR, SSG, SPA, MPA, mobile, desktop, embedded) from a single SvelteKit codebase.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when you need to:

Bootstrap a new SvelteKit project with npx sv create.
Choose between rendering modes (SSR, SSG, SPA, MPA, hybrid).
Understand the standard project layout (src/routes, src/lib, static, svelte.config.js).
Decide between +page.svelte vs +page.js vs +page.server.js vs +server.js.
Use Web platform APIs (fetch, Request, Response, Headers, FormData, ReadableStream, URL, URLSearchParams, crypto) inside SvelteKit handlers.
Type route files with the $types module (PageLoad, PageServerLoad, LayoutLoad, LayoutServerLoad, RequestHandler, PageProps, LayoutProps).
Build API endpoints with +server.js (GET / POST / PUT / PATCH / DELETE / OPTIONS / fallback).
Configure layouts, error boundaries (+error.svelte), and nested routing.

Critical: SvelteKit vs Svelte (When to Use Which)

Svelte is the UI component layer. SvelteKit is the application framework that wraps it.

| Need | Use | |---|---| | Render a single component, embed into an existing site | Svelte only | | Build a full app with routing, data loading, SSR, adapters | SvelteKit | | SSG / SSR / SPA / MPA / serverless | SvelteKit | | Use Svelte 5 runes inside a page | Svelte inside SvelteKit |

Rule of thumb: if you have more than one "page", a backend, or want SEO, use SvelteKit.

# Pure Svelte (no routing, no SSR)
npm create vite@latest my-app -- --template svelte
# Full SvelteKit app (routing + SSR + adapters)
npx sv create my-app

Critical: Creating a Project (npx sv create)

# Minimal
npx sv create my-app
cd my-app
npm install
npm run dev    # http://localhost:5173

Useful flags (see the sv CLI docs):

# Non-interactive with explicit choices
npx sv create my-app \
  --template minimal --types ts --no-add-ons --install npm

# Pick a template
npx sv create my-app --template demo   # demo | minimal | library

# Add common add-ons later
npx sv add prettier eslint vitest playwright tailwindcss

The CLI scaffolds: package.json, svelte.config.js, vite.config.js, tsconfig.json, src/app.html, src/routes/+page.svelte, and (depending on options) hooks.client.js, hooks.server.js, service-worker.js.

Critical: Project Types Decision Matrix

Rendering settings are configured per-adapter and per-page (export const prerender = true, export const ssr = false, export const csr = false). Mix-and-match is the norm.

| Project type | Adapter | Config | Use when | |---|---|---|---| | Default (SSR + CSR) | any | none | Most apps. SSR first paint, CSR after navigation. | | Static site generation (SSG) | adapter-static | prerender = true (root or per-page) | Docs, blogs, marketing. | | Single-page app (SPA) | adapter-static with fallback | ssr = false | App shell + JSON backend, no SEO. | | Multi-page app (MPA) | any | <body data-sveltekit-reload> + csr = false | Low-JS, server-driven pages. | | Separate backend | adapter-node or serverless | skip server files | Backend is Go/Rust/Java/PHP. | | Serverless | adapter-vercel / adapter-netlify / adapter-cloudflare | none | Vercel / Netlify / Cloudflare deploy. | | Your own server / VPS | adapter-node | none | Self-hosted Node server. | | Container (Docker/LXC) | adapter-node | none | Inside a container image. | | Library | @sveltejs/package add-on | choose "library" template | Publish Svelte components as a package. | | Offline / PWA | any | src/service-worker.js | Offline-capable apps. | | Mobile | adapter-static | bundleStrategy: 'single' | Wrap with Tauri or Capacitor. | | Desktop | adapter-static | bundleStrategy: 'single' | Wrap with Tauri / Wails / Electron. | | Browser extension | adapter-static or community adapter | manifest + extension config | Chrome / Firefox extension. | | Embedded device | any | bundleStrategy: 'single' | TV / microcontroller (few concurrent requests). |

Critical: Project Structure

my-project/
├ src/
│ ├ lib/
│ │ ├ server/      # server-only lib (use $lib/server alias)
│ │ └ [your libs]  # client-safe libs (use $lib alias)
│ ├ params/        # param matchers
│ ├ routes/        # filesystem router (one folder per route)
│ ├ app.html       # HTML template (placeholders: %sveltekit.head% etc.)
│ ├ error.html     # static fallback error page
│ ├ hooks.client.js
│ ├ hooks.server.js
│ ├ service-worker.js
│ └ instrumentation.server.js
├ static/          # served verbatim (robots.txt, favicon.ico)
├ tests/           # Playwright tests (if added)
├ package.json
├ svelte.config.js
├ tsconfig.json
└ vite.config.js

Key rules:

$lib → src/lib (importable from anywhere).
$lib/server → src/lib/server (server-only — SvelteKit blocks client imports).
src/routes defines the URL tree. Each folder is a route; +page.svelte makes it a page.
Anything not under src/routes or src/app.html is optional.
Prefer import for assets (Vite hashes them) over static/.

Critical: svelte.config.js

The minimum configuration: an empty object. svelte.config.js exports a SvelteConfig object that configures kit, preprocess, compilerOptions, etc.

// svelte.config.js
import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-auto';
import { vitePreprocess } from '@sveltejs/vite-plugin-svelte';

/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
const config = {
  preprocess: vitePreprocess(),
  kit: {
    adapter: adapter(),
    alias: {
      $components: 'src/lib/components',
      $utils: 'src/lib/utils'
    }
  }
};

export default config;

See examples/svelte-config.md for 8+ common configurations.

Critical: Web Standards (Fetch / FormData / Streams / URL / Web Crypto)

SvelteKit "uses the platform". The browser-native APIs are available in load functions, +server.js handlers, and hooks. SvelteKit polyfills them on Node-based adapters.

| API | Where it shows up in SvelteKit | |---|---| | fetch | load, hooks, +server.js, both server and client | | Request | event.request in hooks and +server.js | | Response | return value of +server.js handlers and fetch() | | Headers | event.request.headers, Response.headers | | FormData | form submissions: await event.request.formData() | | ReadableStream | response bodies (streaming, SSE) | | URL | event.url, page.url, beforeNavigate/afterNavigate | | URLSearchParams | url.searchParams.get('foo') | | crypto | crypto.randomUUID(), CSPRNG, hashing |

Special note: inside load functions and +server.js, fetch accepts relative URLs and preserves credentials automatically. Outside those, pass cookies/headers explicitly.

Critical: Routing (+page, +layout, +server, +error, $types)

The filesystem is the router. Route files start with +.

| File | Purpose | |---|---| | +page.svelte | The page UI. | | +page.js | Universal load function (server + client). | | +page.server.js | Server-only load and form actions. | | +layout.svelte | Wraps pages and nested layouts. | | +layout.js / +layout.server.js | Data load for layouts. | | +server.js | API endpoint (exports HTTP verb handlers). | | +error.svelte | Per-route error boundary. | | *.js (other) | Ignored — colocate components or utils. |

Three rules to memorize:

All route files can run on the server.
All route files run on the client EXCEPT +server.js.
+layout and +error apply to the directory and ALL subdirectories.

+page triad

<!-- src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.svelte -->
<script>
  /** @type {import('./$types').PageProps} */
  let { data } = $props();
</script>

<h1>{data.title}</h1>

// src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.js  -- universal load
/** @type {import('./$types').PageLoad} */
export function load({ params }) {
  return { title: params.slug };
}

// src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.server.js  -- server-only
import { error } from '@sveltejs/kit';
/** @type {import('./$types').PageServerLoad} */
export async function load({ params }) {
  const post = await db.posts.find(params.slug);
  if (!post) error(404, 'not found');
  return { post };
}

+layout triad

Layouts wrap pages. The root +layout.svelte MUST render children:

<!-- src/routes/+layout.svelte -->
<script>
  let { children } = $props();
</script>
<nav><a href="/">Home</a></nav>
{@render children()}

+server.js (API endpoint)

// src/routes/api/random-number/+server.js
import { json, error } from '@sveltejs/kit';

/** @type {import('./$types').RequestHandler} */
export function GET({ url }) {
  const min = Number(url.searchParams.get('min') ?? 0);
  const max = Number(url.searchParams.get('max') ?? 1);
  if (max <= min) error(400, 'invalid range');
  return json({ value: min + Math.random() * (max - min) });
}

Handlers: GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, OPTIONS, HEAD, plus a special fallback that catches everything else.

+error.svelte

<!-- src/routes/blog/[slug]/+error.svelte -->
<script>
  import { page } from '$app/state';
</script>
<h1>{page.status} — {page.error.message}</h1>

SvelteKit walks UP the tree to find the closest +error.svelte. If none, the static src/error.html is used.

$types

SvelteKit auto-generates ./$types.d.ts for every route file. Use them for type safety:

| Type | Used in | |---|---| | PageLoad | +page.js | | PageServerLoad | +page.server.js | | LayoutLoad | +layout.js | | LayoutServerLoad | +layout.server.js | | RequestHandler | +server.js | | PageProps | +page.svelte ({ data, params, form }) | | LayoutProps | +layout.svelte ({ data, children }) | | PageData, LayoutData, ActionData | older / narrower typing |

With VS Code + Svelte extension, types are inferred — you can skip the explicit annotations.

Quick Fixes

Cannot find module '$lib' — svelte.config.js ships with the $lib alias by default; check that your svelte.config.js extends the right config and that you ran npm run dev at least once.
+page.server.js data not showing — confirm the file is named EXACTLY +page.server.js (with the +).
+layout not nesting — the layout must {@render children()} somewhere in its template.
404 on dynamic param — [slug] folder names create params; [...rest] is a "rest" param (greedy).
Hydration mismatch warning — usually caused by Date.now() / Math.random() rendering different values on server vs client. Move them to onMount or +page.server.js.
Cannot import $lib/server into client code — files under src/lib/server are server-only. Move shared code to src/lib.
Service worker not updating — bump the version in src/service-worker.js (it's a build-time cache buster).
Body extension warning in dev — your app.html should put %sveltekit.body% inside a <div>, not directly in <body>.
Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'request') — the handler is missing event destructuring or you forgot to declare export async function POST(event) / GET({ request, url }).
Types complain in JSDoc — ensure your tsconfig.json extends ./.svelte-kit/tsconfig.json.

Gotchas

+page.js runs on BOTH server and client. Don't put secrets or DB calls there — use +page.server.js.
Data returned from +page.server.js is serialized with devalue; functions / class instances / Map / Set need explicit conversion.
+server.js files are NOT wrapped by +layout.svelte. They emit raw responses. Use handle hook for cross-cutting concerns.
+error.svelte is NOT used for errors thrown in +server.js or handle hook. Use src/error.html for that fallback.
csr = false removes ALL JavaScript on the page — including the client router. Links become full reloads.
prerender = true at the root layout prerenders ALL routes. Override per-page with prerender = false.
<a href="/foo"> uses the client router. Use <a href="/foo" data-sveltekit-reload> to force a server navigation.
URLSearchParams.get() returns null (not undefined) when the key is missing.
event.url in +server.js is a full URL; on the client page.url is also full; relative URLs work in load's special fetch.
Dynamic segments match across / boundaries ONLY if you use rest params [...rest].
Browser extensions injecting elements into <body> directly can break hydration — keep %sveltekit.body% inside a <div>.

FAQ

Q: Do I need TypeScript? No. npx sv create can scaffold a JS-only project. JSDoc types still work and provide type safety.

Q: Can I use Svelte 5 runes in SvelteKit? Yes. SvelteKit 2.20+ supports Svelte 5. Use $state, $derived, $props, $effect as usual.

Q: How do I call my own backend from a +page.server.js? Use fetch (the SvelteKit special one inside load preserves cookies and accepts relative URLs). Outside load, pass cookie/authorization headers explicitly.

Q: Can +page.js and +page.server.js coexist? No. Use one or the other for the same route. Prefer +page.server.js for sensitive data.

Q: Where do I put API keys? Server-only env vars in $env/static/private (inlined at build time) or $env/dynamic/private (read at runtime). Never expose private env to client code.

Q: What's the difference between error(404) and throw error(404)? error() returns a special object — DON'T throw it. Just call error(404, 'msg') and SvelteKit handles the rest.

Q: How do I get query params in a page? $page.url.searchParams.get('foo') (Svelte 4 store) or page.url.searchParams.get('foo') (Svelte 5 via $app/state).

Q: Can I make a static-only site? Yes — install adapter-static and set prerender = true in the root layout (or per-page). Build output is plain HTML.

Q: How does SvelteKit differ from Next.js / Nuxt? File-based router, SSR-then-CSR default, no built-in API style — you write +server.js for endpoints. Adapters are official and well-maintained.

Examples & References

Examples

| File | Description | |---|---| | examples/README.md | Index of all examples | | examples/project-creation.md | npx sv create, --template, --types, --add, --install | | examples/project-types.md | Each project type with adapter + config snippet | | examples/project-structure.md | src/, routes, static, package.json, svelte.config.js | | examples/svelte-config.md | Common svelte.config.js setups (preprocess, kit, alias) | | examples/web-standards.md | fetch with credentials, Request, Response, FormData, streams, URL | | examples/routing-pages.md | +page.svelte, +page.js, +page.server.js, params, layouts | | examples/routing-server.md | +server.js GET/POST/PUT/DELETE, content negotiation, fallback |

References

| File | Description | |---|---| | references/README.md | Index of all references | | references/project-types-reference.md | Full decision matrix for all project types | | references/project-structure-reference.md | Every file in the standard project layout | | references/web-standards-reference.md | Fetch / Request / Response / FormData / Streams / URL / Web Crypto in SvelteKit | | references/routing-reference.md | +page, +layout, +server, +error, $types reference |